[1]https://www.alamy.com/the-scourging-at-the-pillar-second-sorrowful-mystery-a-relief-sculpture-on-mount-podbrdo-the-hill-of-apparitions-in-medjugorje-image600555813.html?imageid=E0A7BA7F-5012-4B38-92E3-D19A482F4C9D&pn=1&searchId=789edaacd570379b1ad57936cd9dfaeb&searchtype=0
《約翰福音》21:15，耶穌問西門•彼得「你愛我比這些更深嗎？」，是「你愛我比『這些門徒愛我』更深嗎？」的意思[2]NLT Study Bible on John 21:15 ～ “more than these? Or more than these others do? Jesus was reminding Peter of his insistence that he would be more faithful and courageous than the others (13:37; Matt 26:33; Mark 14:29). He was urging Peter to examine himself.”[3]NIV Study Bible on John 21:15 ～ “more than these. May mean “more than you love these men” or “more than these men love me” or his fishing business, indicative of his current life. Perhaps the second is best, for Peter had claimed a devotion above that of the others (Mt 26:33; Mk 14:29; cf. Jn 13:37). Peter did not take up the comparison, and Jesus did not explain it.”[4]ESV Study Bible on John 21:15 ～ “Jesus’ question, “do you love me more than these?” probably means, “Do you love me more than these other disciples do?” rather than, “Do you love me more than these fish [i.e., his profession]?” or “Do you love me more than you love these men?”—though all three senses are, of course, important.”[5]Amplified Bible on John 21:15 ～ “… Jesus said to Simon Peter, “Simon, son of John, do you love Me more than these [others do—with total commitment and devotion]?…”。耶穌這樣問，是因彼得曾信誓旦旦，說自己比眾門徒愛主更多（《馬太福音》26:32）。
愛的深度，怎樣比較？我們不知道誰愛耶穌最深，但透過耶穌鞭傷之深，我們知道他對我們的愛比我們所有的愛加起來都深。這份「長闊高深」的愛[6]《以弗所書》3:18「能以和眾聖徒一同明白基督的愛是何等長闊高深」，表現在祂的鞭傷之中。
*⚠️ 文章內之插圖及內容，可能會令人不安 ⚠️*
耶穌的鞭傷，比使徒所受的更深？
「因他受的鞭傷，你們便得了醫治。」[7]《彼得前書》2:24 親眼目睹耶穌受難的彼得，引用了預言彌賽亞受害的《以賽亞書》53:5 來描述耶穌的愛：因祂的「鞭傷」，我們得「醫治」。
其實舊約先知耶利米也曾被鞭打（《耶利米書》20:2）[8]NIV Study Bible on Jeremiah 20:2 “ “beaten”：Probably in accordance with the Mosaic law of Dt 25:2–3”，新約使徒也同樣被鞭打以作警戒及威嚇（《使徒行傳》5:40），保羅更多次被謀害、遭鞭打（《哥林多後書》11:24）。他們所受的鞭打，與耶穌所受的有何不同？為什麼只有耶穌的鞭傷才可使我們「得醫治」？
使徒所受的鞭打
使徒大多是在猶太會堂裡，按猶太律法被打「三十九下」的鞭刑；而耶穌在受難前所受的，則是羅馬式的「酷刑級」鞭打，殘酷程度遠遠超過一般會堂的鞭刑。
地方與性質：
使徒多在猶太會堂或公會的審訊之後被鞭打，如：彼得等使徒在耶路撒冷被公會「叫了使徒來，打了他們，又吩咐他們不可奉耶穌的名講道，就把他們釋放了」（《徒》 5:40）。
具體施行（猶太鞭刑 malkot，英譯 flogging）：
猶太律法規定[9]「惡人若該受責打，審判官就要叫他當面伏在地上，按著他的罪照數責打。 只可打他四十下，不可過數；若過數，便是輕賤你的弟兄了。」-《申》25:2-3：鞭打的數目必須與所判定的罪責成正比，所以打多少下是因人及情況而異的。刑罰設定上限，不可超過四十下，所以實際操作時通常只打三十九下（「四十減去一下」），以免有誤超標而「輕賤你的弟兄」（《申》25:2-3）。舊約律法兼顧憐憫與公義，在刑罰的施行中充分體現出來。
鞭刑一般在會堂公開執行，被打的人上身脫衣，被綁住或俯伏，使用較普通的皮鞭（牛皮、驢皮）。鞭打必須是 3 的倍數，因總數的三分一會打在胸膛部分（受刑者前面）而三分二會打在背部[10]NIV Cultural Background Study Bible on Matthew 10:17 : “… the condemned person would be tied to a post, then given 26 lashes with a calf-leather whip across the back and 13 lashes across the chest. The number of lashes (39; cf. 2Co 11:24) was to prevent accidentally exceeding the Biblical limit of 40 (Dt 25:3).”。刑罰著重懺悔及懲戒多於羞辱，所以被打的人不須全身裸露。
保羅的親身經歷：
保羅說：「被猶太人鞭打五次，每次四十下減去一下」（《林後》11:24），可見這種會堂鞭刑在初代教會的門徒中相當常見。
「Malkot 鞭打」的傳統：
一些極度虔誠的哈西迪派（Hasidic）猶太人，會在贖罪日（Yom Kippur）前夕，在猶太會堂進行名為「馬庫特」（Malkot，意為鞭打）的儀式，懺悔的人「被打」39下。這不是為懲罰，而是為透過肉體的輕微痛楚，提醒人過去一年所犯的錯誤，促使人思過悔改。（註一：「Malkot 鞭打」的傳統）
耶穌釘十架前所受的鞭打
羅馬審判下的鞭打：
彼拉多把耶穌交去釘十架前，先吩咐人「鞭打了耶穌」（《約》19:1；《可》15:15）。這不是猶太會堂的「三十九鞭」，而是羅馬行刑前常用的酷刑式鞭打（flagellatio 或 verberatio，英譯 scourging）。刑罰著重羞辱及「殺一儆百」，所以被打的人一般是全身裸露的，像之後釘十架的刑罰一樣 — 可參考筆者文章《赤裸的十架，赤裸的羞辱 (The naked truth of the Cross)》[11]https://idkbible.org/2025/03/the-naked-truth-of-the-cross-1-insult/。
具體施行：
羅馬兵使用的是多條皮繩組成的羅馬鞭（flagrum），在每條皮繩尾端鑲上鉛塊、尖骨或金屬碎片，目的不只是懲治犯人，而是虐殺犯人，把其肉「割開、撕裂」。
歷史記載形容，羅馬鞭刑的鞭子每猛抽一下，就把皮肉打裂，甚至會露出骨頭、脊椎或內臟，羅馬人也沒有訂立「幾下為上限」的規矩，所以很多人光受這鞭刑就會死在刑場。（註二：“stripes（鞭傷）” (《彼前》2:24) ～ 希臘文字義分析）
羞辱：與釘十架刑罰連在一起
耶穌受鞭刑時，相信也是全裸的。鞭打後，可能兵丁給耶穌暫時穿回衣服，並給祂披上戲弄的袍子去玩弄一番，再戴上荊棘冠冕，吐唾沫，又拿葦子打祂的頭，之後殘暴地撕去耶穌的袍子，著祂又穿回衣服去背十字架（《太》27:26-35）。釘十架時耶穌再次被脫去衣服至全裸，兵丁就「拈鬮分他的衣服」。由「審訊」到鞭刑到釘死，這一切都為徹底羞辱這位「猶太人的王」，我們的主。
[12]https://www.godonthe.net/evidence/on-the-physical-death-of-jesus-JAMA.pdf
兩種鞭打的對照
| 使徒所受 “猶太人的鞭打” | 耶穌所受的 “羅馬人的鞭刑” | |
| 經文 | 徒 5:40：公會叫使徒來「打了他們」後放行 保羅自述（林後 11:24）：五次「四十下減去一下」 | 約 19:1：「於是彼拉多將耶穌鞭打了。」 可 15:15：先鞭打耶穌，再交去釘十字架 |
| 執行者 | 猶太領袖及會堂差役，在猶太公會（宗教法庭）判決後執行 | 羅馬士兵作為國家的暴力機器，在羅馬巡撫彼拉多的命令下行刑 |
| 目的 | 按律法去懲戒違規或褻瀆的人，有明文限制，絕非將人置諸死地的虐待 | 作為釘十架前的酷刑，為加重痛苦與羞辱而設，常使人「半死不活」，是處決流程的一部分 |
| 刑具 | 比較普通的皮鞭，用牛皮或驢皮製成，重點在懲戒及讓人懺悔，受刑程度有上限保護，保留猶太人同胞的性命及尊嚴 | 羅馬多條皮繩的鞭（flagrum），皮繩尾端鑲有鉛塊、尖骨或金屬碎片，每下都會撕裂皮肉，甚至露骨，重點在羞辱、威嚇與虐待 |
| 限制 | 律法限「不可過四十下」，實際上最多只打三十九下，以免超標；保羅五次受這樣的刑 | 聖經沒有記錄耶穌被打多少下；羅馬人也沒有「三十九下」的限制，可能遠超這數目 |
| 受刑後的反應 | 使徒「歡喜，因被算是配為這名受辱」（徒 5:41），被打後仍可自行離開，更「不住地在殿裡、在家裡教訓人，傳耶穌是基督」（徒 5:42） | 被鞭打後，耶穌已無力背負自己的刑具 – 十字架。祂按預言受苦，比一般犯人受害更甚、傷痕更深。我們的主蹣跚前行，走過的不只是條苦路，更是一條血路。最後一幕，祂在各各他（Golgotha，又名「髑髏地」(Calvary)）山崗上赤裸受辱受死，完成了祂此生最重要的目的：「被掛在木頭上，親身擔當了我們的罪 … 因他受的鞭傷，我們得醫治」 |
屬靈意義
耶穌的鞭傷，比使徒所受的更深；祂義無反顧的愛，也比我們的愛更深。從祂的鞭傷，就可以知道。
祂選擇鞭傷：
其實，祂絕對能避開這殘酷的鞭打！耶穌可以馬上「差遣十二營多天使來」營救祂（《太》26:53），但祂不這樣選擇。有人為自己的罪受鞭打，有人為主的名受鞭打，但耶穌作為一個全能卻無罪的人，是為我們未能承擔的罪受鞭打，讓我們得自由。祂每下鞭傷都不是白受的，都是為我們在神面前可得完全的赦免與真正的醫治。
祂選擇寬恕：
在最殘酷的鞭打下和十架上，祂仍選擇寬恕，不還口、不還手，反為仇敵禱告。耶穌不靠神跡，為我們立下高尚而可行的榜樣：寬恕。靠著聖靈，門徒也要學習不被仇恨吞噬，反以愛去回應罪，「以善勝惡」。
祂選擇同在：
耶穌不是高高在上，只口頭對我們說要忍耐。祂親身經歷誣衊、羞辱、傷害，甚至被鞭打至不似人形。我們為主的緣故受壓和被嘲時，也可確信耶穌從來不是「局外人」。祂對痛苦及遺棄絕不陌生，祂反選擇始終在旁扶持與同行。
主早就知道，也早已說明：要走十架的道路，鞭打和羞辱是免不了的。但祂已一路走好，且最後復活、得勝。祂給我們極大的盼望：苦難不是結局，復活才是！
當你下次讀到「因他受的鞭傷，我們得醫治」這經文時，不妨在心裡「看見」祂那滿是鞭痕、血跡斑斑的背 —— 那是主為你我、為教會、為世人的愛印在祂身上的記號。
思考
1）門徒也為主受了鞭傷。然而，為什麼只有耶穌的鞭傷才可讓我們「得醫治」？
2）對「得醫治」的我和你來說，祂的「鞭傷」，是否仍在生命中歷久常新，激勵我們繼續破碎、繼續去愛？還是祂的「鞭傷」早已被淡忘，揮之不去的只剩別人所留下、我們卻念念不忘的傷口？
註一：「Malkot 鞭打」的傳統
猶太人文化中，贖罪日前夕（Yom Kippur）的「鞭打」傳統通常指的不是實體的肉刑，而是象徵性的「悔改鞭打」儀式，屬於 Kapparot（贖罪儀式） 的一部分，旨在體現「刻苦己心」的精神。
以下是該傳統的相關介紹：
- 儀式的背景與目的
刻苦己心： 利未記 23:27-29 要求在贖罪日「刻苦己心」，表示對罪的悔改。
象徵悔改： 一些極度虔誠的哈西德派（Hasidic）猶太人會在贖罪日前夕，在猶太會堂進行一種名為「馬庫特」（Malkot，意為鞭打）的象徵性儀式。這不是為了懲罰，而是為了透過肉體上的輕微痛楚，提醒自己過去一年犯下的錯誤，並促使靈魂真正悔改。這傳統可以追溯到18世紀。
2. 儀式內容
輕微敲打： 這並非真的嚴厲鞭打。通常是用一條皮帶或細帶子，輕輕敲打受罰者背部三十九下。
三十九下： 數字三十九是源於聖經中對鞭刑的限制（減去一下以防過數），在猶太傳統中具有特殊意義，代表對罪的全面悔改與反省。
誦讀禱文： 在敲打的同時，受罰者會認罪並誦讀「我們犯了罪」（Al Chet）的禱文。
註一參考：
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-11359877
https://blog.nli.org.il/en/flogging_yom_kippur
https://cja.huji.ac.il/browser.php?mode=set&id=21301
3. 贖罪雞（Kapparot）儀式（另一種常見形式）
更廣為人知、較常見的「贖罪」儀式是使用雞隻的 Kapparot：
轉繞儀式： 在贖罪日前夕，男性通常用公雞、女性用母雞，在頭上轉繞三圈，代表將自己的罪移轉到雞隻身上。
代罪羔「雞」： 禱告中會說：「這是我的替身，這是我的代價，這是我的贖罪。這隻雞將去死亡，而我將進入幸福、愉快的生命中」。
現今作法： 現代因動物福利的觀念，許多人改用金錢（捐贈給慈善機構）來取代雞隻進行此儀式。
這些傳統核心皆是為了在神聖的贖罪日到來前，完成個人的心靈淨化。
註一參考：
註二：“stripes（鞭傷）” (《彼前》2:24) ～ 希臘文字義分析
Wuest Word Studies, on Mark 15:15
“The Roman scourge was a lash usually made of leather thongs loaded at intervals with bone or metal. Peter, in his first epistle (2:24), in the words, “with whose stripes ye were healed,” gives us a vivid picture of his recollection of how our Lord s back looked after the scourging. The word “stripes” in the Greek text is in the singular number. The word refers to a bloody wale trickling with blood that arises under a blow. Our Lord’s back was so lacerated by the scourge that it was one mass of open, raw, quivering flesh trickling with blood, not a series of stripes or cuts, but one mass of torn flesh.”
（「羅馬鞭笞刑具是一條通常由皮條製成的鞭子，間隔處嵌入骨頭或金屬。彼得在他的第一封書信（2:24）中，用「因祂受的鞭傷，你們便得了醫治」這句話，生動描繪了他對主受鞭笞後背部的回憶。希臘原文中的「鞭傷」（stripes）是單數形式，指一條因鞭打而起的、滲血的血痕腫塊。主耶穌的背部被鞭笞得血肉模糊，成了一大片敞開、鮮紅、顫動的傷口，滲著血水，並非一系列鞭痕或切口，而是一整片撕裂的血肉。」）
Wuest Word Studies, on 1 Peter 2:24
“The word “stripes” in the Greek presents a picture of our Lord’s lacerated back after the scourging He endured at the hands of the Roman soldier. The Romans used a scourge of cords or thongs to which latter were attached pieces of lead or brass, or small, sharp-pointed bones. Criminals condemned to crucifixion were ordinarily scourged before being executed. The victim was stripped to the waist and bound in a stooping position, with the hands behind the back, to a post or pillar. The suffering under the lash was intense. The body was frightfully lacerated. The Christian martyrs at Smyrna about A.D. 155 were so torn by the scourges that their veins were laid bare, and the inner muscles and sinews and even the bowels were exposed. The Greek word translated “stripes” refers to a bloody wale trickling with blood that arises under a blow. The word is singular, not plural. Peter remembered the body of our Lord after the scourging, the flesh so dreadfully mangled that the disfigured form appeared in his eyes as one single bruise. Thus we have the portrait of the suffering Servant of Jehovah, His blessed face so pummeled by the hard fists of the mob that it did not look like a human face anymore, His back lacerated by the Roman scourge so that it was one mass of open, raw, quivering flesh trickling with blood, His heart torn with anguish because of the bitter, caustic, malevolent words hurled at Him. On that bleeding, lacerated back was laid the Cross.”
（「希臘原文中的「鞭傷」（stripes）一詞，生動描繪了主耶穌在羅馬士兵鞭笞後背部的撕裂景象。羅馬人使用一種由繩索或皮條製成的鞭笞刑具，其上綁有鉛塊、黄銅片或尖銳小骨頭。被判釘十字架的犯人，通常在處決前先受鞭笞：受害者被剝至腰部，雙手反綁在柱子上，彎腰受刑，鞭打下的痛苦極其劇烈，身體被可怕地撕裂。史載約在公元155年，小亞細亞士每拿的基督教殉道者被鞭笞得筋脈外露，內臟肌肉和筋腱甚至腸子都暴露無遺。希臘文「鞭傷」指一條因鞭打而起的、滲血的血痕腫塊，此詞為單數而非複數。彼得回憶主受鞭笞後的身體，血肉被毀壞得如此嚴重，在他眼中彷彿是一整塊淤青般的傷痕。於是，我們看見耶和華的受苦僕人肖像：祂的臉被暴民鐵拳毆打得不再像人臉，背部被羅馬鞭笞撕裂成一片敞開、鮮紅、顫動的血肉，滲著血水；祂的心因那些苦毒、尖酸、惡毒的言語而撕裂痛楚。在那血淋淋、撕裂的背上，壓下十字架的橫木。」）
參考
1）On the Physical Death of Jesus Christ, by William D. Edwards, MD; Wesley J. Gabel, MDiv; Floyd E. Hosmer, MS, AMI
Flogging was a legal preliminary to every Roman execution, and only women and Roman senators or soldiers (except in cases of desertion) were exempt.11 The usual instrument was a short whip (flagellum or flagellum) with several single or braided leather thongs of variable lengths, in which small iron balls or sharp pieces of sheep bones were tied at intervals. Occasionally, staves also were used.8,12 For scourging, the man was stripped of his clothing, and his hands were tied to an upright post.The back, buttocks, and legs were flogged either by two soldiers (lictors) or by one who alternated positions
As the Roman soldiers repeatedly struck the victim’s back with full force, the iron balls would cause deep contusions, and the leather thongs and sheep bones would cut into the skin and subcutaneous tissues.7 Then, as the flogging continued, the lacerations would tear into the underlying skeletal muscles and produce quivering ribbons of bleeding flesh. Pain and blood loss generally set the stage for circulatory shock.The extent of blood loss may well have determined how long the victim would survive on the cross.
2）A (more accurate) Medical Account of the Crucifixion, by Douglas Jacoby
A man to be flogged was stripped of his clothes and his hands tied to a post above his head. He was then whipped across the shoulders, back, buttocks, thighs and legs, the soldier standing behind and to one side of the victim. The whip used – the flagellum – was designed to make this a devastating punishment, bringing the victim close to death: several short heavy leather thongs, with two small balls of lead or iron attached near the end of each. Pieces of sheep’s bone were sometimes included.
As the scourging proceeds, the heavy leather thongs produce first superficial cuts, than deeper damage to underlying tissues. Bleeding becomes severe when not only capillaries and veins are cut, but also arteries in the underlying muscles. The small metal balls first produce large, deep bruises which are broken open by further blows. The fragments of sheep’s bone rip the flesh as the whip is drawn back. When the beating is finished, the skin of the back is in ribbons, and the entire area torn and bleeding.
3）The Medical Account of the Crucifixion of Christ (Original : A Physician Analyzes the Crucifixion), by Dr. C. Truman Davis
http://www.thecross-photo.com/Dr_C._Truman_Davis_Analyzes_the_Crucifixion.htm
Many scholars believe that Pilate originally ordered Jesus scourged as his full punishment and that the death sentence by crucifixion came only in response to the taunt by the mob that the Procurator was not properly defending Caesar against this pretender who allegedly claimed to be the King of the Jews.
Preparations for the scourging were carried out when the Prisoner was stripped of His clothing and His hands tied to a post above His head. It is doubtful the Romans would have made any attempt to follow the
Jewish law in this matter, but the Jews had an ancient law prohibiting more than forty lashes.
The Roman legionnaire steps forward with the flagrum (or flagellum) in his hand. This is a short whip consisting of several heavy, leather thongs with two small balls of lead attached near the ends of each.
The heavy whip is brought down with full force again and again across Jesus’ shoulders, back, and legs.
At first the thongs cut through the skin only. Then, as the blows continue, they cut deeper into the subcutaneous tissues, producing first an oozing of blood from the capillaries and veins of the skin, and
finally spurting arterial bleeding from vessels in the underlying muscles.
The small balls of lead first produce large, deep bruises which are broken open by subsequent blows.
Finally the skin of the back is hanging in long ribbons and the entire area is an unrecognizable mass of torn, bleeding tissue. When it is determined by the centurion in charge that the prisoner is near death, the beating is finally stopped.
4）David Terasaka, M.D. :: Medical Aspects of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ
https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/terasaka_david/misc/crucify.cfm
Some sources state that it was Roman law that a criminal that was to be crucified had to be flogged first.(McDowell) Others believe that Jesus was flogged first by Pilate in the hope of getting Him off with a lighter punishment.(Davis)
The number of strikes is not recorded in the gospels. The number of blows in Jewish law was set in Deuteronomy 25:3 at forty, but later reduced to 39 to prevent excessive blows by a counting error. (Holmans). The victim often died from the beating. (39 hits were believed to bring the criminal to “one from death”.) Roman law did not put any limits on the number of blows given. (McDowell)
5）What Is the Medical Account of the Crucifixion?
https://www.christianity.com/wiki/jesus-christ/medical-account-of-the-crucifixion.html
Jesus was struck with a whip made of “braided leather thongs with metal balls woven into them” plus “pieces of sharp bone.” “The sufferer’s veins were laid bare and the very muscles, sinews and bowels of the victim were open to exposure.”
While the objective was to bring a person as close to death as possible without actually killing him, “many people would die from this kind of beating even before they could be crucified.”
Jesus’ back was not marked with red welts; the skin was not merely bleeding. His flesh was torn. Sometimes, a victim’s back was “so shredded that part of the spine was […] exposed by the deep, deep cuts.”
Some writers theorize that Jesus endured the maximum 39 lashings as determined by Jewish law, but there is contrasting speculation that the Roman soldiers probably ignored the law.
No one knows. He was hated for having threatened the power of Caesar and mocked for having appeared to fail.
Consequently, Jesus might have endured more lashings than normal. Since “the decision to scourge Jesus was made before it was determined that he would be crucified,” punishment might have been particularly furious. “After Jesus was scourged, Pilate attempted to release him.”
6）Flogging
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/flogging
7）Was Jesus Really Scourged with 39 Stripes?
https://www.crosswalk.com/faith/bible-study/was-jesus-really-scourged-with-39-stripes.html
8）The Two Beatings of Jesus
9）IS THE TWO-FLOGGINGS HYPOTHESIS A VIABLE OPTION? – A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ORDER OF THE FLOGGINGS OF JESUS
10）Did the Romans give Jesus 39 lashes?
https://www.gotquestions.org/39-lashes.html
11）Did Jesus receive thirty-nine (39) lashes from the Romans?
https://www.compellingtruth.org/39-lashes.html
12）A Physician’s View of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ
A Physician’s View of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ: Spiritual Life in God
Consequently, Jesus might have endured more lashings than normal. Since “the decision to scourge Jesus was made before it was determined that he would be crucified,” punishment might have been particularly furious. “After Jesus was scourged, Pilate attempted to release him.”
There is much disagreement among authorities about the unusual scourging as a prelude to crucifixion. Most Roman writers from this period do not associate the two. Many scholars believe that Pilate originally ordered Jesus scourged as his full punishment and that the death sentence by crucifixion came only in response to the taunt by the mob that the Procurator was not properly defending Caesar against this pretender who allegedly claimed to be the King of the Jews. Preparations for the scourging were carried out when the Prisoner was stripped of His clothing and His hands tied to a post above His head. It is doubtful the Romans would have made any attempt to follow the Jewish law in this matter, but the Jews had an ancient law prohibiting more than forty lashes.
13）“林後11:23-24” 註釋
https://bible.fhl.net/new/com.php?book=3&engs=2+Cor&chap=11&sec=23&m=0
「被猶太人鞭打五次，每次四十減去一下」：直譯為「被猶太人(鞭打）五次，每四十減去一下，我受到」。這句裡面並沒有「鞭打」這個原文字，反而是在句尾有一個 SG 2983「接受」、「得到」、「領受」。
◎「四十減去一下」：這是最重的鞭刑，按照 申 25:1-3 的規定，最重的鞭刑是40下，不能過數，為了確保不會過數，所以打39下。其實少打一下也顯示出施刑者的殘忍，他們刻意在律法的邊緣遊走，要盡可能地折磨受刑人，卻又避免直接違反律法的字面規定，這也突顯了保羅為福音受苦的程度。鞭刑時用的鞭子是用一條牛犢皮兩條驢子皮綁在把手上，受刑者脫光上身，雙手綁在枕木上，前胸打三分之一，後背打三分之二。
申25:1-3
「人若有爭訟，來聽審判，審判官就要定義人有理，定惡人有罪。惡人若該受責打，審判官就要叫他當面伏在地上，按著他的罪照數責打。只可打他四十下，不可過數；若過數，便是輕賤你的弟兄了。
14）【因祂受的鞭傷，我們得醫治】耶穌到底為我們受過幾輪鞭刑？都靈裹屍布隱藏的贖罪記號！
https://ct.org.tw/html/news/3-3.php?cat=27&article=1394226#:~:text=但三巡鞭打中,使用過的典型刑罰%E3%80%82
15）How Jesus Died
https://www.crucifixionshroud.com/ed_howhedied.php
By Jewish law, a person was only allowed to by scourged a maximum of 40 times, usually they only scourged them 39 times because 40 was an unlucky number. However, Jesus was not tried under Jewish law, He was tried under Roman law. By Roman law, there was no maximum number. If the victim were going to be crucified, they would only beat them mildly so they would still have some strength, if the victim were not going to be crucified, the Romans were allowed to beat the victim within an inch of their life. Jesus, at the time of the scourging, was not going to be crucified! There are over 160 scourge marks on the Shroud of Turin.
16）Topical Bible: Forty Lashes Minus One
https://biblehub.com/topical/f/forty_lashes_minus_one.htm
17）Medical Description of the Flogging and Crucifixion of Jesus
18）The Scourging of Jesus
https://www.truthmagazine.com/archives/volume44/v440106010.htm
19）Did the Romans give Jesus 39 lashes? | GotQuestions.org – YouTube
註腳
| ↑1 | https://www.alamy.com/the-scourging-at-the-pillar-second-sorrowful-mystery-a-relief-sculpture-on-mount-podbrdo-the-hill-of-apparitions-in-medjugorje-image600555813.html?imageid=E0A7BA7F-5012-4B38-92E3-D19A482F4C9D&pn=1&searchId=789edaacd570379b1ad57936cd9dfaeb&searchtype=0 |
|---|---|
| ↑2 | NLT Study Bible on John 21:15 ～ “more than these? Or more than these others do? Jesus was reminding Peter of his insistence that he would be more faithful and courageous than the others (13:37; Matt 26:33; Mark 14:29). He was urging Peter to examine himself.” |
| ↑3 | NIV Study Bible on John 21:15 ～ “more than these. May mean “more than you love these men” or “more than these men love me” or his fishing business, indicative of his current life. Perhaps the second is best, for Peter had claimed a devotion above that of the others (Mt 26:33; Mk 14:29; cf. Jn 13:37). Peter did not take up the comparison, and Jesus did not explain it.” |
| ↑4 | ESV Study Bible on John 21:15 ～ “Jesus’ question, “do you love me more than these?” probably means, “Do you love me more than these other disciples do?” rather than, “Do you love me more than these fish [i.e., his profession]?” or “Do you love me more than you love these men?”—though all three senses are, of course, important.” |
| ↑5 | Amplified Bible on John 21:15 ～ “… Jesus said to Simon Peter, “Simon, son of John, do you love Me more than these [others do—with total commitment and devotion]?…” |
| ↑6 | 《以弗所書》3:18「能以和眾聖徒一同明白基督的愛是何等長闊高深」 |
| ↑7 | 《彼得前書》2:24 |
| ↑8 | NIV Study Bible on Jeremiah 20:2 “ “beaten”：Probably in accordance with the Mosaic law of Dt 25:2–3” |
| ↑9 | 「惡人若該受責打，審判官就要叫他當面伏在地上，按著他的罪照數責打。 只可打他四十下，不可過數；若過數，便是輕賤你的弟兄了。」-《申》25:2-3 |
| ↑10 | NIV Cultural Background Study Bible on Matthew 10:17 : “… the condemned person would be tied to a post, then given 26 lashes with a calf-leather whip across the back and 13 lashes across the chest. The number of lashes (39; cf. 2Co 11:24) was to prevent accidentally exceeding the Biblical limit of 40 (Dt 25:3).” |
| ↑11 | https://idkbible.org/2025/03/the-naked-truth-of-the-cross-1-insult/ |
| ↑12 | https://www.godonthe.net/evidence/on-the-physical-death-of-jesus-JAMA.pdf |