
常有人質疑,如果基督徒全因《聖經》的記載去相信耶穌,而所有記載唯一出處就是《聖經》的話,基督徒的信心無疑是自圓其說。這樣的立論能成立嗎?
假設現今社會出現了一個極有影響力的人,後世要得知、明白及紀念這人,必須依靠關於這個人的著作 —— 可以是其本人寫的,或是其支持者甚至敵人所寫的。綜合所有文獻,大概就能掌握這人曾經做過及倡導過的一切。這同樣也應用在耶穌身上。除了支持者所撰寫的部分《聖經》外,早年帶領教會的後期教父 (The Apostolic Fathers) 同樣記載了關於耶穌的事蹟,甚至一些不相信耶穌的歷史學家,也紀錄了耶穌曾經做過的事。這篇文章會帶領讀者們認識古時非信徒筆下的耶穌。
1. 塞爾蘇斯 (Celsus)
他是第二世紀的一個羅馬哲學家,在馬克奧理略 (Marcus Aurelius) 皇帝統治時期(161-180年)寫了一本反基督教的書,名為《真教義》(On the True Doctrine)。此書已經失傳 [1] 。他熟悉猶大教與基督教的經典,捍衛羅馬傳統多神宗教。塞爾蘇斯是第一位以傳統價值觀、古代宗教,以至羅馬政府要求的公民職責的名義下,去反對基督教信條的人。他同時為哲學理性相對於基督教信仰的優先性而辯護的人 [2]。
由於此書已失傳,全靠後期教父奧利金 (Origen)(公元185-254年),後世才得知這本書的內容。當年反駁塞爾蘇斯所倡導的《真教義》,奧利金這樣記載:
“…in imitation of a rhetorician training a pupil, he [Celsus] introduces a Jew, who enters into a personal discussion with Jesus, and speaks in a very childish manner, altogether unworthy of the grey hairs of a philosopher, let me endeavour, to the best of my ability, to examine his statements, and show that he does not maintain, throughout the discussion, the consistency due to the character of a Jew. For he represents him disputing with Jesus, and confuting Him, as he thinks, on many points; and in the first place, he accuses Him of having “invented his birth from a virgin,” and upbraids Him with being “born in a certain Jewish village, of a poor woman of the country, who gained her subsistence by spinning, and who was turned out of doors by her husband, a carpenter by trade, because she was convicted of adultery; that after being driven away by her husband, and wandering about for a time, she disgracefully gave birth to Jesus, an illegitimate child, who having hired himself out as a servant in Egypt on account of his poverty, and having there acquired some miraculous powers, on which the Egyptians greatly pride themselves, returned to his own country, highly elated on account of them, and by means of these proclaimed himself a God.”[3]
「… 為了模仿修辭學家訓練學生的方式,他(塞爾蘇斯)引入一個猶太人與耶穌進行個人辯論。 這個猶太人的言辭非常幼稚,完全不配一個哲學家的年紀。 請允許我盡我所能,檢視他的言論,並證明他在整個辯論過程中,並沒有保持一個猶太人應有的言行一致性。 他描述這個猶太人與耶穌爭論,並在許多方面(他自認為)駁倒了耶穌:首先,他指責耶穌『捏造了他由童貞女所生的故事』,並以耶穌『出生在一個猶太村莊,母親是一個靠紡線為生的鄉下窮婦人,並因為通姦被身為木匠的丈夫趕出家門』來羞辱他。其次,他說『這個婦人被丈夫趕走後,四處流浪了一段時間,然後不光采地生下了私生子耶穌,而耶穌因為貧困,在埃及受雇為傭,並在那裡學了一些埃及人引以為傲的魔法。之後,他得意洋洋地回到自己的國家,並憑藉這些力量自稱為神。』」
後人引用後期教父奧利金對塞爾蘇斯的言論,會否有不誠實的轉述呢?這個可能性是有的。但從奧利金的轉述來看,塞爾蘇斯所寫的都是貶抑耶穌身分的,因此我們有理由相信奧利金的轉述是誠實的,他就繼而運用對《聖經》的認知去辯護耶穌基督。
這個第二世紀敵對耶穌的哲學家,他認知的耶穌是這樣的:
- 由童貞女所生
- 曾經生活在埃及
- 爸爸的工作是木匠
- 擁有神奇的力量
- 自稱為神
塞爾蘇斯以上對耶穌的描述,與《聖經》的記載卻是一致的。
2. 琉善 (Lucian)
他生於約公元125-180年,是羅馬帝國時代以希臘語進行創作的諷刺作家,公元165年寫了 “The Death of Peregrine” 來諷刺基督徒:
“The Christians, you know, worship a man to this day,–the distinguished personage who introduced their novel rites, and was crucified on that account…. You see, these misguided creatures start with the general conviction that they are immortal for all time, which explains the contempt of death and voluntary self-devotion which are so common among them; and then it was impressed on them by their original lawgiver that they are all brothers, from the moment that they are converted, and deny the gods of Greece, and worship the crucified sage, and live after his laws.”[4]
「你們知道,基督徒至今仍在崇拜一個人 —— 那位引進新穎儀式,並因此被釘死在十字架上的傑出人物 …。你們看,這些受誤導的傢伙一開始就確信自己將永遠不死,這解釋了他們當中常見的蔑視死亡和自願獻身的行為;而起初的律法制定者又向他們灌輸說,皈依的一刻開始他們就是兄弟,要否認希臘諸神,崇拜那位被釘死的聖人,並依照他的律法生活。」
這個第二世紀諷刺作家所認知的耶穌:
- 基督徒崇拜耶穌,而耶穌是被釘死在十字架上
- 信徒彼此成為兄弟
- 基督徒否認其他的神,只崇拜耶穌
以上琉善對耶穌的描述,與《聖經》的記載是一致的。
3. 瑪拉巴爾塞拉皮翁 (Mara Bar Serapion)
他是一位來自羅馬帝國敘利亞行省的斯多葛學派哲學家,以用阿拉姆語寫給兒子塞拉皮翁的一封信而聞名。這封信寫於公元 73 年之後,是非基督教文獻中提到耶穌被殺的早期記錄:
“What else can we say, when the wise are forcibly dragged off by tyrants, their wisdom is captured by insults, and their minds are oppressed and without defense? What advantage did the Athenians gain by murdering Socrates, for which they were repaid with famine and pestilence? Or the people of Samos by the burning of Pythagoras, because their country was completely covered in sand in just one hour? Or the Jews by killing their wise king, because their kingdom was taken away at that very time? God justly repaid the wisdom of these three men: the Athenians died of famine; the Samians were completely overwhelmed by the sea; and the Jews, desolate and driven from their own kingdom, are scattered through every nation. Socrates is not dead, because of Plato; neither is Pythagoras, because of the statue of Juno; nor is the wise king, because of the new laws he laid down.[5]“
「當智者被暴君強行拖走,他們的智慧被侮辱所俘獲,他們的心靈受壓迫而無力自衛時,我們還能說些什麼呢?雅典人殺害蘇格拉底得有什麼好處?他們因此遭受饑荒和瘟疫的報應。薩摩斯人焚燒畢達哥拉斯又有什麼好處?他們的國家在一小時內就被沙子完全覆蓋。猶太人殺害了他們的智慧君王又有什麼好處?他們的王國就在那時被奪走了。上帝公正地回報了這三位智者的智慧:雅典人死於饑荒,薩摩斯人完全被大海淹沒,猶太人則荒涼地被趕出自己的國度,散居各國。蘇格拉底沒有死,因為有柏拉圖;畢達哥拉斯沒有死,因為有茱諾雕像;那位智慧君王也沒有死,因為他有他制定的新律法。」
這個第一世紀哲學家的文字雖沒有直接提及耶穌,卻間接地描述了猶太人與耶穌的關係:
- 耶穌是智慧君王 (wise king)
- 這個智慧君王是被猶太人害死的
- 猶太民族因此被趕出自己的國度,散居各國(指公元70年聖殿被毀)
以上瑪拉巴爾塞拉皮翁對耶穌的描述,與《聖經》的記載是一致的。
4. 小普林尼 (Pliny the Younger)
他生於約公元61-113年,是一位羅馬帝國律師、作家和議員。他寫了很多信件,提及羅馬皇帝圖拉真 (98-117年) 如何處置基督徒,其中不少流傳下來,成為研究當時歷史的珍貴資料:
“Others, whose names were given me by an informer, first said that they were Christians and afterwards denied it, declaring that they had been but were so no longer, some of them having recanted many years before, and more than one so long as twenty years back. They all worshipped your image and the statues of the deities, and cursed the name of Christ. But they declared that the sum of their guilt or their error only amounted to this, that on a stated day they had been accustomed to meet before daybreak and to recite a hymn among themselves to Christ, as though he were a god, and that so far from binding themselves by oath to commit any crime, their oath was to abstain from theft, robbery, adultery, and from breach of faith, and not to deny trust money placed in their keeping when called upon to deliver it.[6]”
「還有一些人,名字是由告密者提供的。他們起初說自己是基督徒,後來又否認,聲稱他們曾經是,但現在不再是了。他們其中有些人已於多年前放棄信仰,更有甚者,已放棄信仰長達二十多年。他們都敬拜您的雕像和諸神的塑像,並咒詛基督之名。但他們聲稱,自己所有的罪過或錯誤,僅是習慣於在一個固定的日子,在天亮之前聚集,彼此吟唱讚美詩給基督,如同他是神一般。而且,他們非但沒有發誓去犯罪,反而發誓要戒除偷竊、搶劫、姦淫和背信棄義,並且絕不繳出別人信託給自己保管的財物。」
從這個活在第一世紀尾端的羅馬帝國律師筆下,與耶穌有關的認知是:
- 跟隨耶穌的人名為基督徒
- 這些基督徒視耶穌如神一樣,在天亮之前聚集,彼此吟唱讚美詩給基督
- 這些基督徒持守一個高尚的道德標準,發誓要戒除偷竊、搶劫、姦淫和背信棄義
以上小普林尼對於耶穌的描述,與《聖經》的記載是一致的。
5. 蘇埃托尼烏斯 (Suetonius)
他生於約公元69 或 75 -130年之後,是羅馬帝國時期的歷史學家,最重要的現存作品是從凱撒到圖密善的12位皇帝的傳記,即《羅馬十二帝王傳》(拉丁語:De Vita Caesarum),其他作品的內容則包括羅馬日常生活、政治、演講,著名作家(包括詩人、歷史學家、文法家)。這些作品中僅有少數流傳至今,其餘都已散傳:
“Since the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus [Christ], he expelled them from Rome.”[7]
「由於猶太人不斷在基督的煽動下製造騷亂,他將他們從羅馬驅逐出去。」
以上是蘇埃托尼烏斯在《克勞第的生平》(The Life of Claudius)的描述,與《使徒行傳18:2》是吻合的:
他遇見一個生在本都的猶太人,名叫亞居拉。不久前,他帶著妻子百基拉從意大利來,因為克勞第命令所有的猶太人都離開羅馬。保羅去投靠他們。
6. 特拉勒斯的弗萊岡 (Phlegon of Tralles)
生於二世紀初的一位希臘作家,到現在也找不到其原著;但因為在最初幾世紀有不同人曾引用他的作品,歷史學家都認同這些內容出自他的手筆。其中,後期教父奧利金 (Origen) 有以下的引用:
“Now Phlegon, in the thirteenth or fourteenth book, I think, of his Chronicles, not only ascribed to Jesus a knowledge of future events…but also testified that the result corresponded to His predictions.”[8]
「我認為弗萊岡在他的《編年史》第十三或十四卷中,不僅將預知未來之事的能力歸於耶穌 … 還證明事情的結果與祂的預言是相符的。」
“And with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar, in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified, and the great earthquakes which then took place, Phlegon too, I think, has written in the thirteenth or fourteenth book of his Chronicles”[9]
「關於提比略·凱撒統治時期發生的日蝕 —— 耶穌似乎在凱撒統治時期被釘死在十字架上,以及當時發生的強烈地震,我認為弗萊岡也在其《編年史》的第十三或十四卷中有所記載。」
“We have in the preceding pages, made our defence, according to our ability, adducing the testimony of Phlegon, who relates that these events took place at the time when our Saviour suffered. And he goes on to say, that “Jesus, while alive, was of no assistance to himself, but that he arose after death, and exhibited the marks of his punishment, and showed how his hands had been pierced by nails.”[10]
「前面的篇幅中,我們已盡力為自己辯護,引用了弗萊岡的證詞,他敘述了這些事件發生在我們救主受難的時期。他接著說,『耶穌在世時,無法幫助自己,但祂死後復活了,並展示了祂受刑的痕跡,以及祂的雙手是如何被釘子刺穿的。』」
弗萊岡這位活在第二世紀初的希臘作家所認知的耶穌:
- 耶穌有預知未來的能力,而結果與祂的預言相符
- 耶穌在提比略·凱撒統治時期被釘死在十字架上
- 耶穌死後復活了,並展示了祂受刑的痕跡,以及祂的雙手是如何被釘子刺穿的
弗萊岡關於耶穌的描述,與《聖經》的記載是一致的。
7. 約瑟夫斯 (Josephus)
他是第一世紀的著名的猶太歷史學家,也是軍官及辯論家。
“At this time there was a wise man who was called Jesus. His conduct was good, and [he] was known to be virtuous. And many people from among the Jews and the other nations became his disciples. Pilate condemned him to be crucified and to die. But those who had become his disciples did not abandon his discipleship. They reported that he had appeared to them three days after his crucifixion, and that he was alive; accordingly he was perhaps the Messiah concerning whom the prophets have recounted wonders.”[11]
「當時有一位智者,名叫耶穌。他的品行良好,且以其德行而聞名。許多猶太人和外邦人都成了他的門徒。彼拉多判處他釘十字架而死,但那些已成為他門徒的人並未放棄對他的追隨。他們傳講說,他在被釘死在十字架後三天向他們顯現,並且他還活著;因此,他或許就是先知們曾提及的、會施展奇蹟的那位彌賽亞。」
“the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James”[12]
「那位被稱為基督的耶穌,他弟弟的名字是雅各。」
這位活在第一世紀初的猶太歷史學家約瑟夫斯,他所認知的耶穌是:
- 耶穌是一位智者,品行良好
- 他弟弟名字為雅各
- 許多猶太人及外邦人成為耶穌的門徒
- 耶穌被彼拉多判處釘十字架而死,追隨耶穌的門徒傳揚說耶穌三天後復活,並曾向他們顯現
- 耶穌或許是舊約先知所提及的彌賽亞
以上約瑟夫斯對於耶穌的描述,與《聖經》的記載是一致的。
8. 塔西佗 (Tacitus)
他是活在第一世紀的一個羅馬帝國執政官、雄辯家、元老院元老,也是著名的歷史學家與文體家,主要著作有《歷史》和《編年史》等等。他從14年奧古斯都去世、提比略繼位,一直執筆至96年圖密善逝世:
“Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular.”[13]
「因此,為了擺脫這個謠言,尼祿將罪名加諸於一群因其令人憎惡的行徑而被憎恨的人,並對他們施以極其殘酷的酷刑,這群人被民眾稱為基督徒。這個名稱起源予『基督』,他在提比略統治時期,被我們的巡撫本丟彼拉多處以極刑。這個極其有害的迷信,雖然一度受到遏制,但後來不僅在猶太這個邪惡的發源地—再次爆發,甚至在羅馬 —— 這個世界各地所有醜惡和可恥之事的中心點和發祥地 —— 也死灰復燃。」
塔西佗的記載也再一次吻合《聖經》所描述的耶穌:
- 耶穌被巡撫本丟彼拉多處以極刑
- 跟隨耶穌的人被稱為基督徒
- 極其有害的迷信,不能被遏制,在羅馬帝國不同地方一直蔓延。筆者相信塔西佗所指的迷信,就是相信耶穌從死裡復活
總結:
如果有人質疑耶穌只是《聖經》作者自圓其說的人物,說其存在沒有歷史根據,或《聖經》只是耶穌的跟隨者為了將耶穌神化而編寫出來的一本書,這些說法都站不住腳。以上八個歷史人物都不相信耶穌,也不支持基督教,但他們不約而同,都記載了他們所認知關於耶穌的事蹟,並不約而同與《聖經》的描述一致。就算沒有《聖經》,我們單憑這八個歷史人物的著作,也能構建出耶穌的身分:
- 他是童女所生的,爸爸是木匠
- 他曾說預言及做奇事神跡
- 他是一名智者及活了一個品格高尚的生命
- 他說自己是神
- 他是在羅馬皇帝提比略統治時期,被巡撫本丟彼拉多處以極刑,釘在十字架上而死的
- 有地震及黑暗伴隨他的死亡
- 他的追隨者宣告耶穌已復活,也曾向他們顯現,親自將手中的傷口展示給他們看
- 他的追隨者視耶穌為神去敬拜
- 相信耶穌的理念曾搞擾羅馬,以致羅馬皇帝克勞第將所有猶太人趕離羅馬城
耶穌在第一世紀絕對是一個充滿影響力的人。就算不引用《聖經》而單靠非信徒的記載,他為世人做過最重要的一件事 —— 他被釘死在十字架上 —— 也是鐵證如山。作為現今的基督徒,我們要繼續為基督引以為傲,放膽傳揚耶穌是真神,因為他已復活,是拯救我們的救主。
[1] 奧利金; 石敏敏譯. 《驳塞尔修斯》 第一版. 北京: 三聯書店. 2013年: 6.
[2] 奧利金; 石敏敏譯. 《驳塞尔修斯》 第一版. 北京: 三聯書店. 2013年: 15.
[3] Origen, Against Celsus, 1:28. Online: http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/origen161.html (Accessed Nov. 27, 2024).
[4] Lucian, The Death of Peregrine, 11-13. Online: http://lucianofsamosata.info/wiki/doku.php?id=home:texts_and_library:essays:peregrine (Accessed Nov. 27, 2024).
[5] Robert Van Voorst, Jesus outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2000), 54.
[6] Pliny, Letters, Book 10, Letter 96. Online: http://www.attalus.org/old/pliny10b.html#96 (Accessed Nov. 27, 2024).
[7] Suetonius, Life of Claudius, 25:4. Online: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Claudius*.html (Accessed Nov. 27, 2024).
[8] Origen, Against Celsus, 2.14. Online: http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/origen162.html (Accessed Nov. 27, 2024).
[9] Origen, Against Celsus, 2.33. Online: http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/origen162.html (Accessed Nov. 27, 2024).
[10] Origen, Against Celsus, 2.59. Online: http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/origen162.html (Accessed Nov. 27, 2024).
[11] Schlomo Pines, An Arabic Version of the Testimonium Flavianum and it’s Implications. (Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1971), 9-10.
[12] Josephus, Antiquities, 20.9.1. Online: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D20%3Awhiston+chapter%3D9%3Awhiston+section%3D1 (Accessed Nov. 27, 2024)
[13] Hugh A. McDonald, “Tacitus.” Encyclopedia Britannica, January 1, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tacitus-Roman-historian. (Accessed Nov. 27, 2024).