大衛數點百姓,是出於神?出於撒旦?還是出於自己? (Antony Wong)

《撒母耳記下》24章,記載了大衛堅持數點百姓,得罪神而被神懲罰的事件。但此記載與《歷代志上》的有明顯不同:此事件的「始作俑者」究竟是神?是撒旦?還是大衛自己?

了解經文背景及其描述手法,讓我們得知:大衛及以色列人是得罪神的人,撒旦是誘惑人去犯罪的(卻是神所容許的),而神是掌管一切 —— 甚至容許人因私慾被引誘而跌倒 —— 卻不失公義、憐憫的全善全能者。


《撒下》與《代上》經文對照:

緣起:

耶和華又向以色列人發怒,就激動大衛,使他吩咐人去數點以色列人和猶大人。(《撒下》24:1)

撒但起來攻擊以色列人,激動大衛數點他們。(《代上》21:1)

大衛堅持己見,不聽約押勸告:

約押對王說:「無論百姓多少,願耶和華─你的 神再加增百倍,使我主我王親眼得見。我主我王何必喜悅行這事呢?」但王的命令勝過約押和眾軍長。約押和眾軍長就從王面前出去,數點以色列的百姓。(《撒下》24:3-4)

約押說:「願耶和華使他的百姓比現在加增百倍。我主我王啊,他們不都是你的僕人嗎?我主為何吩咐行這事,為何使以色列人陷在罪裡呢?」但王的命令勝過約押。約押就出去,走遍以色列地 … 惟有利未人和便雅憫人沒有數在其中,因為約押厭惡王的這命令。(《代上》21:3-4,6)

大衛願意承擔,為自己的罪自責(雖然以色列人也讓神發怒):

大衛數點百姓以後,就心中自責,禱告耶和華說:「我行這事大有罪了。耶和華啊,求你除掉僕人的罪孽,因我所行的甚是愚昧。」(《撒下》24:10)

大衛看見滅民的天使,就禱告耶和華說:「我犯了罪,行了惡;但這群羊做了甚麼呢?願你的手攻擊我和我的父家。」(《撒下》24:17)

神不喜悅這數點百姓的事,便降災給以色列人。大衛禱告神說:「我行這事大有罪了!現在求你除掉僕人的罪孽,因我所行的甚是愚昧。」(《代上》21:7-8)

大衛禱告神說:「吩咐數點百姓的不是我嗎?我犯了罪,行了惡,但這群羊做了甚麼呢?願耶和華 ─ 我神的手攻擊我和我的父家,不要攻擊你的民,降瘟疫與他們。」(《代上》21:17)

綜合以上及其他經文,整個事件可以這樣理解:

  • 神向以色列人發怒,因為百姓犯了罪(是他們跟隨押沙龍,推翻受膏者大衛的罪?還是他們像大衛般驕傲,想證明及倚靠自己的罪?百姓犯了什麼罪,並沒明明記載)[1]NIV Study Bible, study notes for 2 Sam 24:1 : “The specific reason for the Lord’s displeasure is not stated. Because the anger is said to be directed against Israel rather than David, some have concluded that it was occasioned by the widespread support among the people for the rebellions of Absalom and Sheba against David (15:12; 17:11,24–26; 18:7; 20:1–2), the divinely chosen and anointed theocratic king …”
  • 神容許撒旦去行動:它激動大衛去數點百姓 —— 藉著激動大衛,撒旦想一舉攻擊大衛及以色列人,要他們陷在罪裡
  • 數點百姓未必受百姓歡迎(因為通常與徵稅或徵兵有關),但數點百姓本身並不是罪。《舊約》多番紀錄合乎神心意的數點百姓,如《民》1:3;26:63;《撒下》18:1 等。數點百姓的動機及執念才是罪
  • 大衛因自己的驕傲(想證明及倚靠自己的成就)[2]Amplified Bible, footnotes for 2 Sam 24:1 : “Ordinarily taking a census would have been a routine procedure for a nation as a way of assessing taxes or conscripting and assigning men to an army. But in Israel none of this was necessary unless it was commanded by God, and David’s action was the product of ego and an uncharacteristic shift of trust and dependence from God to human resources (as Joab suspected, v 3). To his credit, David eventually realized this and came to God in repentance.”而堅持要數點百姓,不聽勸,所以直墮撒旦的網羅
  • 神的公義:因為罪的後果,神讓大衛三選一,最後以三日的瘟疫作懲罰
  • 神的憐憫:大衛及以色列人被神管教,最後神施憐憫,住手不滅耶路撒冷,讓瘟疫止息(《撒下》24:16,25)

大衛的戰士擊敗押沙龍軍隊,13世紀
(David’s knights defeat Absalom’s army, Maciejowski Bible, mid of the 13th century)
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Davids-knights-defeat-Absaloms-army-Maciejowski-Bible-mid-of-the-13-th-century-after_fig3_370140497

總結:

  1. 神會讓「萬事都互相效力,叫愛神的人得益處」(《羅》8:28),而祂的管教也是叫我們得益處的一種愛,因為:

… 萬靈的父管教我們,是要我們得益處,使我們在他的聖潔上有分。凡管教的事,當時不覺得快樂,反覺得愁苦;後來卻為那經練過的人結出平安的果子,就是義。(《來》12:10-11)

  1. 撒旦是神的工具[3]NIV Zondervan Study Bible, study notes for 2 Sam 24:1 : “… The Lord uses Satan as a secondary agent to bring about his purposes (cf. 1 Kgs 22:20-23; Job 1)” —— 神容許撒旦去「激動」或教唆我們(「激動」:原文有 persuade/ entice/ stir up/ provoke(煽動,引誘,慫恿,挑唆)等意思),去試探我們;也容許撒旦帶來缺乏或傷害,藉此試煉我們(如約伯的遭遇(《伯》1-2章),或保羅的一根刺(《林後》12:7-8)[4]Amplified Bible, footnote on 2 Sam 24:1)。但經文同時提醒我們:
  • 第一:我們受的試探,不會過於我們能力所能受的(《林前》10:13)
  • 第二:如果我們跌倒,責任在於自己 —— 因為我們被引誘犯罪,是出於本身的私慾被牽引而生的惡果。如果沒有私慾,任何誘惑都不會起作用。決定在乎我們。撒旦不能控制人,神也不會控制人:

人被試探,不可說:「我是被神試探」;因為神不能被惡試探,他也不試探人。但各人被試探,乃是被自己的私慾牽引誘惑的。私慾既懷了胎,就生出罪來;罪既長成,就生出死來。(《雅各書》1:13-15)

  1. 神既容許撒旦去「激動」大衛、影響大衛,也讓元帥約押去勸阻大衛,只是他不但不接納,甚至連討論的餘地也沒有。大衛也沒與先知拿單或祭司撒督和亞比亞等他人商議,更沒有求問耶和華(如《撒上》23:2-4;30:8;《撒下》5:19-23;21:1 )。所以,縱使神想幫助他,大衛心裡卻只有自己(或撒旦)的聲音,容不下其他
  1. 《聖經》有時把會事情包括人的決定都描述為神的意思,只因猶太人相信一切都不能逃出神的旨意之外,一切都是神直接促使或間接容許的[5]Life Application Study Bible, study notes for 2 Sam 24:1 : “Did God cause David to sin? God does not cause people to sin, but he does allow sinners to reveal the sinfulness of their hearts by their actions. God presented the opportunity of taking a census to David in order to confront David’s personal pride and deal with Israel’s disastrous national tendency to take pride in their own military strength rather than trusting in God’s protection. In 1 Chronicles 21:1, Scripture says that Satan incited David to take the census. Israelite writers did not always distinguish between primary and secondary causes. So if God allowed Satan to tempt David, to them it would have been the same as if God had done it.”。就如《出》9:12 等經文描述,表面上是「耶和華使法老的心剛硬」,但其實法老及埃及人都有犯罪,是神(藉著神蹟)使法老的心(本身已充滿驕傲)越來越剛硬。推薦 Henry Au《出4:21:如何去理解「神使法老的心剛硬」?》一文。又如《賽》53:10 描述「耶和華卻定意(或譯:喜悅)將他壓傷,使他受痛苦。耶和華以他為贖罪祭 …」,神容許甚至定意耶穌被壓傷被釘死,不代表出賣耶穌的猶大或置身事外的彼拉多沒有過錯,或我們的罪跟耶穌的死沒有關係。另一篇文章《約 13:2、路22:3「魔鬼已將賣耶穌的意思放在猶大心裡」、「撒但入了猶大的心」?那麼是否代表猶大是無辜的?》也不要錯過。

思考/ 挑戰:

  1. 嘗試以「對照經文」的方式研讀《聖經》(包括《舊約》的歷史記載,或是四本《福音書》的比較),發掘及認識《聖經》更深。
  2. 「一切都在神的掌握之中」:這想法會令你有「宿命主義者」的無力感嗎?還是被這信念所激勵,讓你對神、對生命更有信心?面對不同的現況,你通常會選擇以上哪種角度去回應?
  3. 怎樣分辨撒旦的聲音(「激動」我們去犯罪的),還是神的聲音(「激勵」我們去行善的)?
  4. 誰是你身邊的「元帥」、「先知」或屬靈夥伴?他們的意見,你有特別在意嗎?


參考

New International Encyclopaedia of Bible Difficulties, on 2 Sam 24:1 : “Who moved David to number his people, God or Satan?”, and on 1 Chronicles 21 : “In 1 Chronicles 21 David is said to have yielded to Satan’s temptation to number Israel. As a result of this God destroyed seventy thousand people through pestilence. Was it just of God to punish the people for David’s sin?”

NLT Study Bible, article on 2 Sam 24:1 “God or Satan?”

Wiersbe Study Bible, study notes for 2 Sam 24:1 : “This verse states that God caused David to number the people, while 1 Chronicles 21:1 names Satan as the culprit. Both are true: God permitted Satan to tempt David in order to accomplish the purposes He had in mind. Satan certainly opposed God’s people throughout all of Old Testament history, but this is one of four instances in the Old Testament where Satan is named specifically and seen openly at work”

Quest Study Bible, question on 2 Sam 24:1 : “Why would God make someone do wrong?”

《是誰驅使大衛數點民數?神抑或撒但?》

註腳[+]

註腳
1 NIV Study Bible, study notes for 2 Sam 24:1 : “The specific reason for the Lord’s displeasure is not stated. Because the anger is said to be directed against Israel rather than David, some have concluded that it was occasioned by the widespread support among the people for the rebellions of Absalom and Sheba against David (15:12; 17:11,24–26; 18:7; 20:1–2), the divinely chosen and anointed theocratic king …”
2 Amplified Bible, footnotes for 2 Sam 24:1 : “Ordinarily taking a census would have been a routine procedure for a nation as a way of assessing taxes or conscripting and assigning men to an army. But in Israel none of this was necessary unless it was commanded by God, and David’s action was the product of ego and an uncharacteristic shift of trust and dependence from God to human resources (as Joab suspected, v 3). To his credit, David eventually realized this and came to God in repentance.”
3 NIV Zondervan Study Bible, study notes for 2 Sam 24:1 : “… The Lord uses Satan as a secondary agent to bring about his purposes (cf. 1 Kgs 22:20-23; Job 1)”
4 Amplified Bible, footnote on 2 Sam 24:1
5 Life Application Study Bible, study notes for 2 Sam 24:1 : “Did God cause David to sin? God does not cause people to sin, but he does allow sinners to reveal the sinfulness of their hearts by their actions. God presented the opportunity of taking a census to David in order to confront David’s personal pride and deal with Israel’s disastrous national tendency to take pride in their own military strength rather than trusting in God’s protection. In 1 Chronicles 21:1, Scripture says that Satan incited David to take the census. Israelite writers did not always distinguish between primary and secondary causes. So if God allowed Satan to tempt David, to them it would have been the same as if God had done it.”
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About Antony Wong

資深牧師、香港中文大學心理學學士、神學深造文憑 (Charles Sturt U.)、PREPARE-ENRICH 婚姻輔導員、Family Dynamics 家庭輔導員、Seven Principles / Bringing Baby Home (BBH) Certified Educator (The Gottman Institute)。與太太 Charlie 育有三名子女。 個人電郵:apollo1300@gmail.com

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